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Published by European Respiratory Society · 72 pages · Class I–II
Joint ERS/ATS guidance on severe and very severe COPD (GOLD III–IV). Includes recommendations on long-term oxygen therapy thresholds, non-invasive ventilation at home, lung volume reduction interventions, and palliative care integration. Triple inhaled therapy (LABA/LAMA/ICS) preferred for frequent exacerbators.
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